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FV Capstone: round-robin arbiter

SystemVerilog Formal Verification

The fixed round-robin arbiter with safety, fairness and a hold assumption; covers as commented meant-to-fail checks.

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Related tutorial:

Formal Verification tutorial: Capstone: Verify a Round-Robin Arbiter

design.sv

// SVA form of the fairness rule (used by commercial formal tools):
//   a_fair3: assert property (@(posedge clk) disable iff (rst) req[3] |-> ##[0:4] gnt[3]);
// The open-source engine in ChipVerify Lab reads the equivalent block below.
module rr_arb (input clk, input rst, input [3:0] req, output reg [3:0] gnt);
  // round-robin arbiter: after a grant, the next requester in order has the highest priority
  reg [1:0] last;                       // index of the last granted requester
  reg [3:0] nxt;
  integer i;
  always @(*) begin
    nxt = 4'b0000;
    for (i = 3; i >= 1; i = i - 1)      // search last+1, last+2, last+3, then last itself
      if (req[(last + i) % 4]) nxt = 4'b0001 << ((last + i) % 4);
    if (nxt == 4'b0000 && req[last]) nxt = 4'b0001 << last;
  end
  always @(posedge clk)
    if (rst) begin
      gnt <= 4'b0000; last <= 2'd3;
    end else begin
      gnt <= nxt;
      if (nxt[0]) last <= 2'd0;
      if (nxt[1]) last <= 2'd1;
      if (nxt[2]) last <= 2'd2;
      if (nxt[3]) last <= 2'd3;
    end

`ifdef FORMAL
  reg init = 1'b1;
  always @(posedge clk) init <= 1'b0;
  always @(*) if (init) assume (rst);
  // requests are held until granted
  genvar k;
  generate for (k = 0; k < 4; k = k + 1) begin : hold
    always @(posedge clk) if (!init && !$past(rst) && $past(req[k]) && !gnt[k]) assume (req[k]);
  end endgenerate
  // at most one grant, and only to a requester that asked
  always @(*) if (!init) assert ($onehot0(gnt));
  always @(posedge clk) if (!init && !$past(rst)) assert ((gnt & ~$past(req)) == 4'b0000);
  // fairness: every requester is served within 4 cycles of asking
  reg [2:0] w0 = 0, w1 = 0, w2 = 0, w3 = 0;
  always @(posedge clk) begin
    w0 <= (rst || gnt[0] || !req[0]) ? 3'd0 : w0 + 3'd1;
    w1 <= (rst || gnt[1] || !req[1]) ? 3'd0 : w1 + 3'd1;
    w2 <= (rst || gnt[2] || !req[2]) ? 3'd0 : w2 + 3'd1;
    w3 <= (rst || gnt[3] || !req[3]) ? 3'd0 : w3 + 3'd1;
  end
  always @(*) if (!init) assert (w0 <= 3'd4 && w1 <= 3'd4 && w2 <= 3'd4 && w3 <= 3'd4);
  // covers as meant-to-fail checks: uncomment one at a time; a failure is a trace that reaches the situation
  // always @(*) if (!init) assert (!gnt[3]);                  // requester 3 is granted
  // always @(*) if (!init) assert (!(req == 4'b1111));        // all four request together
  // always @(*) if (!init) assert (!(w3 == 3'd4));            // requester 3 waits the worst case
`endif
endmodule

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Verilog

217 examples

Name	Topic	Description	Reference	Open
Verilog Strength Modeling	Advanced		Ch#25 : Advanced Topics	Open
Edge Sensitive UDP	Advanced Topics		Ch#25 : Advanced Topics	Open
Level Sensitive UDP	Advanced Topics		Ch#25 : Advanced Topics	Open
Verilog Combo UDP	Advanced Topics		Ch#25 : Advanced Topics	Open
Memory Array: Fill and Read	Arrays	A reg array used as a 16-word memory, filled in a loop and read back	ChipVerify: Verilog Arrays and Memories	Open
Register Vector	Arrays	Verilog vectors get realized into flops that match the size of the variable.	Ch#4 : Arrays & Memories	Open
Verilog Array	Arrays		Ch#4 : Arrays & Memories	Open
assign statement	Assignments	Examples of how 'assign' statements can be written	Ch#6 : Assignments	Open
combo logic with assign	Assignments	Example of using 'assign' statement for combinational logic	Ch#6 : Assignments	Open
Full Adder	Basic Circuits	Example of a full adder with a simple assign statement	Ch#8 : Basic Digital Circuits	Open
Nested ifdef	Conditional Compilation		Ch#24 : Compiler Directives	Open
ifdef Design Example	Conditional Compilation	Use ifdef to include the code only if the macro is defined in compilation args	Ch#24 : Compiler Directives	Open
ifdef elsif Macro	Conditional Compilation		Ch#24 : Compiler Directives	Open
ifndef elsif Macro	Conditional Compilation		Ch#24 : Compiler Directives	Open
'if else if' synthesis	Conditional Statements	Example demonstrating how 'if else if' results in a priority encoder	Ch#11 : Conditional Statements	Open
'if else' multiple statements	Conditional Statements	'if else' block for multiple statements within the 'if' and 'else' part	Ch#11 : Conditional Statements	Open
'if else' single statement	Conditional Statements	Simple 'if' followed by the 'else' part for single statements within the if and else part	Ch#11 : Conditional Statements	Open
'if' without 'else'	Conditional Statements	'if' statement without an 'else' part	Ch#11: Conditional Statements	Open
'if' without 'else' multiple statements	Conditional Statements	Multiple statements are put within 'begin' and 'end'	Ch#11 : Conditional Statements	Open
'if' without 'else' synthesis	Conditional Statements	Example shows how 'if' block without 'else' can form a latch	Ch#11: Conditional Statements	Open
Case Statement	Conditional Statements		Ch#11 : Conditional Statements	Open
4-bit Counter	Counters	Example of a simple 4-bit counter	Ch#14: Counters	Open
Gray Counter	Counters	Example of a simple parameterizable gray counter	Ch#14 : Gray Counter	Open
Johnson Counter	Counters	Example of a Johnson Counter	Ch#14 : Counters	Open
Mod-N Counter	Counters	Example of a MOD-N counter	Ch#14 : Counters	Open
Ring Counter	Counters	Example of a simple ring counter	Ch#14 : Counters	Open
Signal Concatenation	Data Types	Example of wire concatenation using 'assign' statement	Ch#3 : Data Types & Operators	Open
Delay Control	Delay Control	Shows how delay values can be applied in multiple ways	Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Event 'or' Operator	Delay Control	Use 'or' operator to specify conditonal events	Ch#21 Timing & Delays	Open
Event Control	Delay Control	Example of using @ control for event based sync	Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Implicit Event Expression List	Delay Control	Use * in the sensitivity list to include all signals that the block needs to be listening to	Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Level Sensitive Event Control	Delay Control	Shows how @ operator can be used to make execution wait until a variable reaches a specific value	Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Posedge Detector	Detectors	Example of a simple positive edge detector	Ch#17 : Edge Detectors	Open
$stop $finish: $finish	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog $stop $finish tutorial ($finish)	ChipVerify: Verilog $stop $finish	Open
$stop $finish: $stop	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog $stop $finish tutorial ($stop)	ChipVerify: Verilog $stop $finish	Open
- Quick Review: Data Types	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog - Quick Review tutorial (Data Types)	ChipVerify: Verilog - Quick Review	Open
4 to 1 Multiplexer/Mux: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog 4 to 1 Multiplexer/Mux tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Verilog 4 to 1 Multiplexer/Mux	Open
4x1 Multiplexer with 'assign'	Examples	Shows how to code a multiplexer circuit with 'assign' statement	Ch#8: Basic Digital Circuits	Open
4x1 Multiplexer with 'case'	Examples	Shows how to infer a multiplexer using 'case' statement	Ch#8: Basic Digital Circuits	Open
Arithmetic Operators: Expression Bit Lengths and Sizing	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Arithmetic Operators tutorial (Expression Bit Lengths and Sizing)	ChipVerify: Verilog Arithmetic Operators	Open
Arithmetic Operators: Expression Bit Lengths and Sizing	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Arithmetic Operators tutorial (Expression Bit Lengths and Sizing)	ChipVerify: Verilog Arithmetic Operators	Open
Assignments: Common Beginner Mistakes	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Assignments tutorial (Common Beginner Mistakes)	ChipVerify: Verilog Assignments	Open
Assignments: Common Beginner Mistakes	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Assignments tutorial (Common Beginner Mistakes)	ChipVerify: Verilog Assignments	Open
Assignments: Variable Declaration Assignment	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Assignments tutorial (Variable Declaration Assignment)	ChipVerify: Verilog Assignments	Open
Assignments: Variable Declaration Assignment	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Assignments tutorial (Variable Declaration Assignment)	ChipVerify: Verilog Assignments	Open
Blocking & Non-Blocking: Non-Blocking Assignments with Delays	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking tutorial (Non-Blocking Assignments with Delays)	ChipVerify: Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking	Open
Blocking Assignments	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking tutorial (Blocking Assignments)	ChipVerify: Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking	Open
Blocking Assignments	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking tutorial (Blocking Assignments)	ChipVerify: Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking	Open
Blocking Assignments	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking tutorial (Blocking Assignments)	ChipVerify: Verilog Blocking & Non-Blocking	Open
Clock Generator: Simple Clock Generation	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Clock Generator tutorial (Simple Clock Generation)	ChipVerify: Verilog Clock Generator	Open
Clock Generator: Verilog Clock Generator	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Clock Generator tutorial (Verilog Clock Generator)	ChipVerify: Verilog Clock Generator	Open
Combinational Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with always	Open
Combinational Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with always	Open
Combinational Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with always	Open
Combinational Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with always	Open
Combinational Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with always	Open
Combinational Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with always	Open
Combinational Logic with assign: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with assign tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with assign	Open
Combinational Logic with assign: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with assign tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with assign	Open
Combinational Logic with assign: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with assign tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with assign	Open
Combinational Logic with assign: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with assign tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with assign	Open
Combinational Logic with assign: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with assign tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with assign	Open
Combinational Logic with assign: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Combinational Logic with assign tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Combinational Logic with assign	Open
Concatenation: Nested Replication	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Concatenation tutorial (Nested Replication)	ChipVerify: Verilog Concatenation	Open
Concatenation: Replication Operator	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Concatenation tutorial (Replication Operator)	ChipVerify: Verilog Concatenation	Open
Concatenation: Replication Operator	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Concatenation tutorial (Replication Operator)	ChipVerify: Verilog Concatenation	Open
Conversion Functions: Passing Real Values Through Ports	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Conversion Functions tutorial (Passing Real Values Through Ports)	ChipVerify: Verilog Conversion Functions	Open
D Flip-Flop: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog D Flip-Flop tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Verilog D Flip-Flop	Open
Data Types: Datatypes Example	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Data Types tutorial (Datatypes Example)	ChipVerify: Verilog Data Types	Open
Data Types: Verilog Strings	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Data Types tutorial (Verilog Strings)	ChipVerify: Verilog Data Types	Open
Delay Control: Implicit Event Expression List	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Delay Control tutorial (Implicit Event Expression List)	ChipVerify: Verilog Delay Control	Open
Delay Control: Implicit Event Expression List	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Delay Control tutorial (Implicit Event Expression List)	ChipVerify: Verilog Delay Control	Open
Delay Control: Named Events	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Delay Control tutorial (Named Events)	ChipVerify: Verilog Delay Control	Open
Display Tasks: Verilog Escape Sequences	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Display Tasks tutorial (Verilog Escape Sequences)	ChipVerify: Verilog Display Tasks	Open
Display Tasks: Verilog Format Specifiers	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Display Tasks tutorial (Verilog Format Specifiers)	ChipVerify: Verilog Display Tasks	Open
Display Tasks: Verilog Strobes	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Display Tasks tutorial (Verilog Strobes)	ChipVerify: Verilog Display Tasks	Open
Display Tasks: Verilog Strobes	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Display Tasks tutorial (Verilog Strobes)	ChipVerify: Verilog Display Tasks	Open
File IO Operations: Detecting EOF	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog File IO Operations tutorial (Detecting EOF)	ChipVerify: Verilog File IO Operations	Open
File IO Operations: Formatting data to a string	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog File IO Operations tutorial (Formatting data to a string)	ChipVerify: Verilog File IO Operations	Open
File IO Operations: How to write files	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog File IO Operations tutorial (How to write files)	ChipVerify: Verilog File IO Operations	Open
File IO Operations: Multiple arguments to fdisplay	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog File IO Operations tutorial (Multiple arguments to fdisplay)	ChipVerify: Verilog File IO Operations	Open
File IO Operations: Opening and closing files	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog File IO Operations tutorial (Opening and closing files)	ChipVerify: Verilog File IO Operations	Open
Gate Delay: Inertial Delay: Short Pulses Are Filtered	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Gate Delay tutorial (Inertial Delay: Short Pulses Are Filtered)	ChipVerify: Verilog Gate Delay	Open
Gate Level Examples: Example #1: 2x1 Multiplexer	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Gate Level Examples tutorial (Example #1: 2x1 Multiplexer)	ChipVerify: Verilog Gate Level Examples	Open
Gate Level Examples: Full Adder	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Gate Level Examples tutorial (Full Adder)	ChipVerify: Verilog Gate Level Examples	Open
Inter and Intra Assignment Delay: Inter-assignment Delays	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Inter and Intra Assignment Delay tutorial (Inter-assignment Delays)	ChipVerify: Verilog Inter and Intra Assignment Delay	Open
Inter and Intra Assignment Delay: Intra-assignment Delays	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Inter and Intra Assignment Delay tutorial (Intra-assignment Delays)	ChipVerify: Verilog Inter and Intra Assignment Delay	Open
Interview Questions Set 2: How can you generate a sine wave using the Verilog co	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 2 tutorial (How can you generate a sine wave using the Verilog coding style ?)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 2	Open
Interview Questions Set 2: What is verilog $random ?	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 2 tutorial (What is verilog $random ?)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 2	Open
Interview Questions Set 3: What is $time in Verilog?	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 3 tutorial (What is $time in Verilog?)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 3	Open
Interview Questions Set 5: Same variable used in two loops running simultaneousl	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 5 tutorial (Same variable used in two loops running simultaneously)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 5	Open
Interview Questions Set 5: Same variable used in two loops running simultaneousl	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 5 tutorial (Same variable used in two loops running simultaneously)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 5	Open
Interview Questions Set 7: How to generate two different clocks in testbench ?	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 7 tutorial (How to generate two different clocks in testbench ?)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 7	Open
Interview Questions Set 7: Illustrate the side-effects of a function return type	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 7 tutorial (Illustrate the side-effects of a function return type without a range.)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 7	Open
Interview Questions Set 7: What is #0 in Verilog and its usage?	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 7 tutorial (What is #0 in Verilog and its usage?)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 7	Open
Interview Questions Set 8: Write simple Verilog code to generate 100MHz clock.	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 8 tutorial (Write simple Verilog code to generate 100MHz clock.)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 8	Open
Interview Questions Set 9: Write Verilog code to store fractional number	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Interview Questions Set 9 tutorial (Write Verilog code to store fractional number)	ChipVerify: Verilog Interview Questions Set 9	Open
Introduction to Verilog: Testbench code	Examples	Runnable example from the Introduction to Verilog tutorial (Testbench code)	ChipVerify: Introduction to Verilog	Open
Introduction to Verilog: Testbench code	Examples	Runnable example from the Introduction to Verilog tutorial (Testbench code)	ChipVerify: Introduction to Verilog	Open
JK Flip Flop: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the JK Flip Flop tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: JK Flip Flop	Open
Operators: Bitwise OR (\|) Truth Table	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Operators tutorial (Bitwise OR (\|) Truth Table)	ChipVerify: Verilog Operators	Open
Operators: Verilog Arithmetic Operators	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Operators tutorial (Verilog Arithmetic Operators)	ChipVerify: Verilog Operators	Open
Operators: Verilog Arithmetic Operators	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Operators tutorial (Verilog Arithmetic Operators)	ChipVerify: Verilog Operators	Open
Operators: Verilog Arithmetic Operators	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Operators tutorial (Verilog Arithmetic Operators)	ChipVerify: Verilog Operators	Open
Operators: Verilog Shift Operators	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Operators tutorial (Verilog Shift Operators)	ChipVerify: Verilog Operators	Open
Priority Encoder: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Priority Encoder tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Verilog Priority Encoder	Open
Ripple Counter: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Ripple Counter tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Verilog Ripple Counter	Open
Scheduling Semantics: Event Processing Flow	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Scheduling Semantics tutorial (Event Processing Flow)	ChipVerify: Verilog Scheduling Semantics	Open
Sequential Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Sequential Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Sequential Logic with always	Open
Sequential Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Sequential Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Sequential Logic with always	Open
Sequential Logic with always: Testbench	Examples	Runnable example from the Sequential Logic with always tutorial (Testbench)	ChipVerify: Sequential Logic with always	Open
Strength: Modeling an Open-Drain Bus	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Strength tutorial (Modeling an Open-Drain Bus)	ChipVerify: Verilog Strength	Open
Synchronous FIFO Verilog Code	Examples	Runnable example from the Synchronous FIFO tutorial (Synchronous FIFO Verilog Code)	ChipVerify: Synchronous FIFO	Open
Task: Disable Task	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Task tutorial (Disable Task)	ChipVerify: Verilog Task	Open
Task: Global tasks	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Task tutorial (Global tasks)	ChipVerify: Verilog Task	Open
Task: Global tasks	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Task tutorial (Global tasks)	ChipVerify: Verilog Task	Open
Task: Static Task	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Task tutorial (Static Task)	ChipVerify: Verilog Task	Open
Task: Using Tasks in Testbenches	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Task tutorial (Using Tasks in Testbenches)	ChipVerify: Verilog Task	Open
Testbench Simulation: Regions in event queue	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Testbench Simulation tutorial (Regions in event queue)	ChipVerify: Verilog Testbench Simulation	Open
Testbench Simulation: Regions in event queue	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Testbench Simulation tutorial (Regions in event queue)	ChipVerify: Verilog Testbench Simulation	Open
Timeformat: %t vs %0t and the Minimum Field Width	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timeformat tutorial (%t vs %0t and the Minimum Field Width)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timeformat	Open
Timescale Scope: Default timescale	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timescale Scope tutorial (Default timescale)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timescale Scope	Open
Timescale Scope: Standard timescale scope	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timescale Scope tutorial (Standard timescale scope)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timescale Scope	Open
Timescale: Example #1: 1ns/1ns	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timescale tutorial (Example #1: 1ns/1ns)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timescale	Open
Timescale: Example #2: 10ns/1ns	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timescale tutorial (Example #2: 10ns/1ns)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timescale	Open
Timescale: Multiple Timescales in One Design	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timescale tutorial (Multiple Timescales in One Design)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timescale	Open
Timescale: Printing Time: $time, $realtime and $timeformat	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog Timescale tutorial (Printing Time: $time, $realtime and $timeformat)	ChipVerify: Verilog Timescale	Open
VCD Dump: $dumpfile	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog VCD Dump tutorial ($dumpfile)	ChipVerify: Verilog VCD Dump	Open
VCD Dump: $dumplimit	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog VCD Dump tutorial ($dumplimit)	ChipVerify: Verilog VCD Dump	Open
VCD Dump: $dumpon, $dumpoff	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog VCD Dump tutorial ($dumpon, $dumpoff)	ChipVerify: Verilog VCD Dump	Open
VCD Dump: A Complete Example	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog VCD Dump tutorial (A Complete Example)	ChipVerify: Verilog VCD Dump	Open
VCD: A Complete Example	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog VCD tutorial (A Complete Example)	ChipVerify: Verilog VCD	Open
`define Macro: Macro Example	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog `define Macro tutorial (Macro Example)	ChipVerify: Verilog `define Macro	Open
initial Block: Common Beginner Mistakes	Examples	Runnable example from the Verilog initial Block tutorial (Common Beginner Mistakes)	ChipVerify: Verilog initial Block	Open
File IO Operations	File IO	How to write into and read from files	Ch#23 : Testbench Features	Open
T Flip Flop	Flip Flops		Ch#10 : Flip Flops & Latches	Open
D Latch	Flops & Latches	Example of a D Latch	D Latch	Open
Recursive Functions	Functions	Example of a recursive function by computing a factorial of a number	Ch#13 : Functions & Tasks	Open
Gate Delay	Gate Level Modeling	Shows how to model in single delay format	Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Gate Three Delay	Gate Level Modeling	Three delay format	Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Gate Two Delay	Gate Level Modeling	Shows how to model rise/fall times for gates	Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Min/Typ/Max Delays	Gate Level Modeling	How to specify min/typ/max delays for rise/fall transitions	Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
And/Or/Xor Gates	Gate Level Simulation	Example of 'and', 'or', and 'xor' gates	Ch#20: GLS	Open
And/Or/Xor with N Inputs	Gate Level Simulation	These gates can have more than 2 inputs	Ch#20: GLS	Open
Buf/Not Gates	Gate Level Simulation	Example of 'buf' and 'not' gates	GLS	Open
Buf/Not Multiple Outputs	Gate Level Simulation	Example of 'buf' and 'not' with multiple output ports driven by a single input	GLS	Open
Decoder with Gates	Gate Level Simulation	Example of a decoder using simple gates	Ch#21 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Nand/Nor/Xnor Gates	Gate Level Simulation	Example of 'nand', 'nor', and 'xnor' gates	Ch#20: GLS	Open
Priorty Encoder with Gates	Gate Level Simulation	Example of a priority encoder implemented using simple gates	Ch#21 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Generate Case	Generate	How to use a case statement inside a generate block	Ch#12 : Loops & Generate	Open
Generate If else	Generate	Use of if else condition inside a generate block	Ch#12 : Loops & Generate	Open
Generate for Loop	Generate	Example of how to instantiate multiple times with a generate for loop block	Ch#12 : Loops & Generate	Open
Hello World	Intro	A simple simulation to print Hello World in Verilog and get started !		Open
8-bit Shift Register	Loops	Example of using a for loop to create a shift register	Ch#12 : Loops & Generate	Open
$clog2 Math Function	Math Functions	Example of $clog2	Ch#28 : Utility Functions	Open
$clog2: Memory Address Width	Math Functions	A parameterized memory whose address width comes from $clog2(DEPTH), with a small testbench	ChipVerify: Verilog Math Functions	Open
Verilog Math Functions	Math Functions	Examples of math related system tasks	Ch#28 : Utility Functions	Open
Memory Example	Memories		Ch#4 : Arrays & Memories	Open
Single Port Sync RAM	Memory Elements		Ch#18 : Memory Elements	Open
Synchronous FIFO	Memory Elements	Example of a synchronous fifo	Ch#18 : Memory Elements	Open
Hierarchical Referencing	Misc	Example of hierarchical referencing using dot (.) operator	Ch#25 : Advanced Topics	Open
Module Instantiation Ordered Ports	Module	Instantiation of module with ordered port list	Ch#2 : Basic Syntax & Structure	Open
DFF Module Example	Modules	Example of a module with input and output ports	Ch#2: Verilog Module	Open
Module Instantiation	Modules	Connect module instances to form bigger blocks	Ch#2: Verilog Module	Open
Net Types: wire, wor and wand Resolution	Net Types	Two drivers on a wire, wor and wand net show how each net type resolves conflicts	ChipVerify: Verilog Net Types	Open
Tri Nets	Net Types	Example that shows how 'tri0' and 'tri1' nets behave	Ch#3 : Data Types & Operators	Open
Wired Net Types	Net Types	Example that shows how 'wor', 'wand', 'trior' and 'triand' behave	Ch#3 : Data Types & Operators	Open
Arithmetic Operators	Operators	Simple arithmetic operators for addition, subtraction, etc	Ch#3: Data Types & Operators	Open
Bitwise Operators	Operators	Bitwise operators like &, \|	Ch#3: Data Types & Operators	Open
Equality Operators	Operators	Equality operators like ==, !==	Ch#3: Data Types & Operators	Open
Logical Operators	Operators	Logical operators like &&, \|\|	Ch#3: Data Types & Operators	Open
Relational Operators	Operators	Relational operators like <, >, <=, >=	ChipVerify	Open
Shift Operators	Operators	Shift operators like <<, >>	Ch #3: Data Types & Operators	Open
Localparam Part Select	Parameters	Example of how localparams can have expressions that contain part-select	Ch#4 : Array Memories & Parameters	Open
Verilog ANSI Ports	Ports	How ports are declared in Verilog 2001 ANSI-C style	Ch#3 : Basic Syntax & Structure	Open
Verilog non-ANSI Ports	Ports	How ports are declared based on Verilog 1995 non-ANSI style	Ch#2 : Basic Syntax & Structure	Open
$finish aborts simulation	Procedural Blocks	Use early $finish to terminate simulation even when there are multiple other initial blocks still running	Ch#5: Procedural Blocks	Open
Always Block for Combinational Logic	Procedural Blocks	Example of a simple combinational logic written with 'always' block	Ch#5: Procedural Blocks	Open
Block Statements	Procedural Blocks	Example of using 'begin end' to form blocks that are executed sequentially	Ch#5 : Procedural Blocks	Open
Initial Block with Delays	Procedural Blocks	initial block with delays #	Ch#5: Procedural Blocks	Open
Multiple initial Blocks	Procedural Blocks	Example of multiple initial blocks within the same module : https://www.chipverify.com/verilog/verilog-initial-block	Ch#5: Procedural Blocks	Open
$random Full Range	Random	Example that shows how to get any value within a range	Ch#23 : Testbench Features	Open
$random Positive Range	Random	Use $random to get only positive range of values	Ch#23 : Testbench Features	Open
$random different seeds	Random	When $random is called without a fixed seed	Ch#23 : Testbench Features	Open
$random with seed arg	Random	Shows how $random with a seed arg gives the same value everytime	Ch#23 : Testbench Features	Open
N-bit Bidirectional Shift Register	Shift Registers	Example of a parameterizable bi-directional shift register	Ch#15 : Shift Registers	Open
1011 Sequence Detector	State Machines	Example of 1011 sequence detector	Ch#16 : State Machines	Open
Pattern Detector 110101	State Machines	Example of a pattern detector for 110101	Ch#16 : State Machines	Open
STA 8-Bit Adder: One Stage	Static Timing Analysis	An 8-bit adder between two register stages; the carry chain limits the clock to about 2.95 ns	STA tutorial: Timing-Aware RTL	Open
STA 8-Bit Adder: Two Pipeline Stages	Static Timing Analysis	The same adder split into a low-nibble stage and a high-nibble stage; it runs at about 1.5 ns	STA tutorial: Timing-Aware RTL	Open
STA Asynchronous Reset: Recovery and Removal	Static Timing Analysis	A flip-flop with an asynchronous reset and the recovery and removal checks of the reset release	STA tutorial: Recovery and Removal Checks	Open
STA Chain: Clock Skew Between Two Flip-Flops	Static Timing Analysis	Two flip-flops with a logic cone between them that fails setup at 1.0 ns; delay the capture clock to fix it	STA tutorial: Clock Skew	Open
STA Clock Divider and Generated Clock	Static Timing Analysis	A divide-by-2 flip-flop makes a clock that STA does not know until you define it as a generated clock	STA tutorial: Generated Clocks	Open
STA Clock Gate: Gating Check	Static Timing Analysis	An AND gate in the clock path with the enable from a rising-edge flip-flop violates the gating hold check	STA tutorial: Clock Gating Checks	Open
STA Clock Mux: Exclusive Clocks	Static Timing Analysis	A multiplexer selects between a 2.0 ns and a 3.0 ns clock; remove the clock pairs that cannot happen	STA tutorial: Clock Muxes	Open
STA DDR Input: Both Clock Edges	Static Timing Analysis	Data that changes on both edges of the clock needs an input delay for each edge	STA tutorial: Source-Synchronous and DDR Timing	Open
STA Demo: Two Flip-Flops and Two Outputs	Static Timing Analysis	The small design of the STA tutorial: all four path types, with a 2.0 ns clock and 0.4 ns port delays	STA tutorial: Your First OpenSTA Run	Open
STA Half-Cycle Path: Rising to Falling Edge	Static Timing Analysis	A rising-edge flip-flop feeding a falling-edge flip-flop; the duty cycle sets the time of the path	STA tutorial: Half-Cycle Paths	Open
STA Two Clocks: Clock Groups	Static Timing Analysis	A path from a 2.0 ns clock to a 3.0 ns clock, and what an asynchronous clock group removes	STA tutorial: Clock Groups	Open
STA UART Transmitter: Failing Timing at 3.4 ns	Static Timing Analysis	A 100 MHz, 115200 baud UART transmitter that fails setup and removal at the slow corner with a 3.4 ns clock	STA tutorial: Writing SDC for the UART Project	Open
STA UART Transmitter: Timing Closed at 3.4 ns	Static Timing Analysis	The UART with two 5-bit counters, a registered tick and a reset synchronizer; it meets timing at all three corners	STA tutorial: Capstone, Closing Timing on a Pipelined UART	Open
Bidirectional tran Switch	Switch Level Modeling		Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Bidirectional tranif0 Switch	Switch Level Modeling		Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Bidirectional tranif1 Switch	Switch Level Modeling		Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
CMOS Switch	Switch Level Modeling	Example of a CMOS switch	Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
NMOS/PMOS Modeling	Switch Level Modeling	Example of using nmos/pmos	Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Supplies Power & Ground	Switch Level Modeling		Ch#20 : Gate Level Modeling	Open
Verilog Task	Tasks		Ch#13 : Functions & Tasks	Open
Testbench Simulation	Testbench	Example of a simulation where a signal is driven different values after certain delays	Ch#22 : Testbench	Open
Verilog $random	Testbench	Example of how to use $random to generate random numbers in a testbench	Ch#23 : Adv Testbench Features	Open
Verilog Display Tasks	Testbench	Shows the difference between $display and $write	Ch#23 : Testbench	Open
Clock Generator	Timing	Example of clock generator	Ch#19 : Clocks & Timing	Open
Timescale	Timing & Delays		Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Verilog Timeformat	Timing & Delays		Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Verilog Timescale	Timing & Delays		Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Verilog Timescale Scope	Timing & Delays		Ch#21 : Timing & Delays	Open
Part Selects	Vectors	Example of a part-select on vector	Ch#4 : Data Types	Open

SystemVerilog

378 examples

Name	Topic	Description	Reference	Open
$unit Compilation Scope: $unit:: Doesn't Add Forward Visibility	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog $unit Compilation Scope tutorial ($unit:: Doesn't Add Forward Visibility)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog $unit Compilation Scope	Open
$unit Compilation Scope: Accessing It Explicitly with $unit::	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog $unit Compilation Scope tutorial (Accessing It Explicitly with $unit::)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog $unit Compilation Scope	Open
$unit Compilation Scope: Declaring Something in $unit Scope	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog $unit Compilation Scope tutorial (Declaring Something in $unit Scope)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog $unit Compilation Scope	Open
'extern': Basic Syntax	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'extern' tutorial (Basic Syntax)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'extern'	Open
'extern': Where extern Actually Earns Its Keep	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'extern' tutorial (Where extern Actually Earns Its Keep)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'extern'	Open
ANSI-C Style Declaration	Advanced Features	A function that uses the implicit return variable (sum = x + y) alongside one that uses the return keyword, plus both ways of calling them.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
Functions & Tasks: Calling with Named Arguments	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks tutorial (Calling with Named Arguments)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks	Open
Functions & Tasks: Default Argument Values	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks tutorial (Default Argument Values)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks	Open
Functions & Tasks: Tasks Can Consume Time	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks tutorial (Tasks Can Consume Time)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks	Open
Functions & Tasks: const ref: Reference Efficiency Without the Mutability Risk	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks tutorial (const ref: Reference Efficiency Without the Mutability Risk)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Functions & Tasks	Open
How To Pass Arguments By Reference?	Advanced Features	An automatic function taking a ref int argument, so changes made inside the function are visible to the caller.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
How To Pass Arguments By Value?	Advanced Features	Default pass-by-value: changing the argument inside the function does not affect the caller's variable.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
Nested Package Reference	Advanced Features	Chained package imports (X into Y into Z): symbols seen through one import are not automatically re-exported to the next level.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
Package: Wildcard Import	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Package tutorial (Wildcard Import)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Package	Open
Quick Refresher: Virtual Interfaces	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Quick Refresher tutorial (Virtual Interfaces)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Quick Refresher	Open
Scope Resolution Operator: Accessing Static Methods and Variables	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Scope Resolution Operator tutorial (Accessing Static Methods and Variables)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Scope Resolution Operator	Open
Scope Resolution Operator: Defining an extern Function	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Scope Resolution Operator tutorial (Defining an extern Function)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Scope Resolution Operator	Open
Scope Resolution Operator: Referencing Package Members	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Scope Resolution Operator tutorial (Referencing Package Members)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Scope Resolution Operator	Open
Using Declarations And Directions	Advanced Features	Functions declared with separate input / output port statements, including one that returns a value while also writing an output argument.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
When Accessed By Child Classes	Advanced Features	A local member of a base class is invisible even to a derived class, so the child method reading it fails to compile.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
When Accessed From Outside The Class	Advanced Features	A local class member can be read inside the class's own method but not through the handle from a module, where the illegal access is flagged.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
When Accessed From Outside The Class	Advanced Features	A second take on local vs public members: the local variable prints fine from inside display() but not when accessed as abc.local_var outside the class.	Ch #14: Advanced Features	Open
`define Macro: Concatenate Macros	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog `define Macro tutorial (Concatenate Macros)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog `define Macro	Open
`define Macro: SystemVerilog `define	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog `define Macro tutorial (SystemVerilog `define)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog `define Macro	Open
`define Macro: SystemVerilog `define	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog `define Macro tutorial (SystemVerilog `define)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog `define Macro	Open
`define with default arguments	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog `define Macro tutorial (`define with default arguments)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog `define Macro	Open
`define with default arguments	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog `define Macro tutorial (`define with default arguments)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog `define Macro	Open
`define without default arguments	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog `define Macro tutorial (`define without default arguments)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog `define Macro	Open
local vs protected: Accessing a protected Member From a Child Class	Advanced Features	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog local vs protected tutorial (Accessing a protected Member From a Child Class)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog local vs protected	Open
Array Manipulation: Array Reduction Methods	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Array Manipulation tutorial (Array Reduction Methods)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Array Manipulation	Open
Array Manipulation: Mandatory 'with' Clause	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Array Manipulation tutorial (Mandatory 'with' Clause)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Array Manipulation	Open
Array Manipulation: Mandatory 'with' Clause	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Array Manipulation tutorial (Mandatory 'with' Clause)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Array Manipulation	Open
Array Manipulation: Mandatory 'with' Clause	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Array Manipulation tutorial (Mandatory 'with' Clause)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Array Manipulation	Open
Array methods example, sort by two dimensions	Arrays	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Array Manipulation tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Array Manipulation	Open
Arrays: Static Arrays	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Arrays tutorial (Static Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Arrays	Open
Associative Array Methods	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Associative Array tutorial (Associative Array Methods)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Associative Array	Open
Associative Array Methods Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Associative Array tutorial (Associative Array Methods Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Associative Array	Open
Associative Array: Dynamic Array Within Each Index of an Associative Array	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Associative Array tutorial (Dynamic Array Within Each Index of an Associative Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Associative Array	Open
Associative Array: Dynamic Array of Associative Arrays	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Associative Array tutorial (Dynamic Array of Associative Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Associative Array	Open
Associative Array: Initialization Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Associative Array tutorial (Initialization Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Associative Array	Open
Dynamic Array Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Dynamic Array tutorial (Dynamic Array Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Dynamic Array	Open
Dynamic Array Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Dynamic Array tutorial (Dynamic Array Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Dynamic Array	Open
Dynamic Array: Copying Dynamic Array Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Dynamic Array tutorial (Copying Dynamic Array Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Dynamic Array	Open
Dynamic Array: Grow and Keep Contents	Arrays	Grow a dynamic array with new[n](array) and add one more element	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Dynamic Array	Open
Packed Array: Two-Channel Bus	Arrays	A 2D packed array holding two 8-bit channels, with per-channel and per-bit access	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Packed Arrays	Open
Packed Arrays: Example #1	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Packed Arrays tutorial (Example #1)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Packed Arrays	Open
Packed Arrays: Example #2	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Packed Arrays tutorial (Example #2)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Packed Arrays	Open
Packed Arrays: Single Dimensional Packed Arrays	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Packed Arrays tutorial (Single Dimensional Packed Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Packed Arrays	Open
Queue Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Queue tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Queue	Open
Queue: How to Create a Queue of Classes in SystemVerilog?	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Queue tutorial (How to Create a Queue of Classes in SystemVerilog?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Queue	Open
Queue: How to Create a Queue of Dynamic Arrays in SystemVerilog?	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Queue tutorial (How to Create a Queue of Dynamic Arrays in SystemVerilog?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Queue	Open
Queue: Simple FIFO Scoreboard	Arrays	Push values into a queue and pop them in order until it is empty	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Queue	Open
Queue: SystemVerilog Queue Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Queue tutorial (SystemVerilog Queue Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Queue	Open
Queue: SystemVerilog Queue Methods Example	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Queue tutorial (SystemVerilog Queue Methods Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Queue	Open
Streaming Operators: Packing Values Into a Stream	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Streaming Operators tutorial (Packing Values Into a Stream)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Streaming Operators	Open
Streaming Operators: Unpacking a Stream Back Into Variables	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Streaming Operators tutorial (Unpacking a Stream Back Into Variables)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Streaming Operators	Open
Unpacked Array: Register File	Arrays	Four 16-bit registers in an unpacked array of packed elements, printed with foreach and %p	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays	Open
Unpacked Arrays: Multidimensional Unpacked Array	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays tutorial (Multidimensional Unpacked Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays	Open
Unpacked Arrays: Packed + Unpacked Array	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays tutorial (Packed + Unpacked Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays	Open
Unpacked Arrays: Single Dimensional Unpacked Array	Arrays	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays tutorial (Single Dimensional Unpacked Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Unpacked Arrays	Open
Immediate Assertion in Design	Assertions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Immediate Assertions tutorial (Immediate Assertion in Design)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Immediate Assertions	Open
Immediate Assertion in Testbench	Assertions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Immediate Assertions tutorial (Immediate Assertion in Testbench)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Immediate Assertions	Open
Operator	Assertions	An SVA sequence using the ##2 cycle-delay operator (a ##2 b) inside an assert property sampled on every clock edge.	Ch #9: Assertions	Open
Sequence Repetition Operator: Consecutive Repetition:	Assertions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Sequence Repetition Operator tutorial (Consecutive Repetition:)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Sequence Repetition Operator	Open
$cast As A Function	Classes & OOP	$cast used as a function - if ($cast(...)) - so an invalid value is reported and handled instead of erroring out.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
'this' keyword: The Classic Case: A Shadowed Constructor Argument	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'this' keyword tutorial (The Classic Case: A Shadowed Constructor Argument)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'this' keyword	Open
Abstract Class Example	Classes & OOP	A virtual (abstract) class with a constructor - it cannot be instantiated directly, only its handle is used here.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Abstract Class: A Normal Class	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Abstract Class tutorial (A Normal Class)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Abstract Class	Open
Behavior Of Inherited Classes	Classes & OOP	A child new(int val = 2) that calls super.new() and then uses its argument, contrasting the default and passed-in constructor values.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Cast Static: Bit-Width Truncation (Narrowing a Vector)	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Cast Static tutorial (Bit-Width Truncation (Narrowing a Vector))	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Cast Static	Open
Cast Static: Casting a String to an Integer	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Cast Static tutorial (Casting a String to an Integer)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Cast Static	Open
Cast Static: Real-to-Integer Truncation	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Cast Static tutorial (Real-to-Integer Truncation)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Cast Static	Open
Cast Static: Real-to-Integer Truncation	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Cast Static tutorial (Real-to-Integer Truncation)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Cast Static	Open
Casting Invalid Values	Classes & OOP	$cast(myCent, 75) where 75 is not a valid enum value, so the cast fails and the target keeps its old value.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Class Constructor: Typed Constructors	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class Constructor tutorial (Typed Constructors)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class Constructor	Open
Class Handle: Associative Array	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class Handle tutorial (Associative Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class Handle	Open
Class Handle: Dynamic Array	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class Handle tutorial (Dynamic Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class Handle	Open
Class Handle: Fixed Array	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class Handle tutorial (Fixed Array)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class Handle	Open
Class Handle: What Is a Class Handle?	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class Handle tutorial (What Is a Class Handle?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class Handle	Open
Class Handle: What Is a Class Handle?	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class Handle tutorial (What Is a Class Handle?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class Handle	Open
Class vs Struct: Assignment: Copy vs Share	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class vs Struct tutorial (Assignment: Copy vs Share)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class vs Struct	Open
Class vs Struct: Equality: Comparing Values vs Comparing Identity	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class vs Struct tutorial (Equality: Comparing Values vs Comparing Identity)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class vs Struct	Open
Class: How Do I Access Properties and Methods?	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class tutorial (How Do I Access Properties and Methods?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class	Open
Class: How Do I Create an Array of Class Objects?	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Class tutorial (How Do I Create an Array of Class Objects?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Class	Open
Const: Global Constant Class Properties	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Const tutorial (Global Constant Class Properties)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Const	Open
Const: Instance Constant Class Properties	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Const tutorial (Instance Constant Class Properties)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Const	Open
Copying Objects: Shallow Copy Example	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Copying Objects tutorial (Shallow Copy Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Copying Objects	Open
Copying Objects: Shallow Copy Example	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Copying Objects tutorial (Shallow Copy Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Copying Objects	Open
Extending Abstract Classes	Classes & OOP	A concrete ChildClass extending an abstract BaseClass and overriding the member value in its own new().	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Inheritance: A Basic Example	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Inheritance tutorial (A Basic Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Inheritance	Open
Inheritance: Why the Handle's Type Matters (Without virtual)	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Inheritance tutorial (Why the Handle's Type Matters (Without virtual))	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Inheritance	Open
Parameterized Classes	Classes & OOP	A class parameterized by #(int size = 8); instances override the size and $bits() confirms the resulting widths, including a typedef alias.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Pass Datatype As A Parameter	Classes & OOP	A class parameterized by #(type T = int) used as an int, a 4-bit vector and a real, so the same method behaves differently per type.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Polymorphism: Assign Child Class to Base Class	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Polymorphism tutorial (Assign Child Class to Base Class)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Polymorphism	Open
Pure Method Example	Classes & OOP	An abstract class with a pure virtual function that the derived class must implement before it can be used.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Static Variables	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Static Variables & Functions tutorial (Static Variables)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Static Variables & Functions	Open
Static Variables & Functions: Static Functions	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Static Variables & Functions tutorial (Static Functions)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Static Variables & Functions	Open
Static Variables & Functions: The Default: Each Instance Gets Its Own Copy	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Static Variables & Functions tutorial (The Default: Each Instance Gets Its Own Copy)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Static Variables & Functions	Open
Typedef Class: A Complete Working Example	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Typedef Class tutorial (A Complete Working Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Typedef Class	Open
Using $cast	Classes & OOP	$cast(myCent, 10+5+10) converts an arithmetic result into an enum, succeeding because 25 equals QUARTER.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Virtual Methods: Without virtual	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Virtual Methods tutorial (Without virtual)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Virtual Methods	Open
Virtual Methods: Without virtual	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Virtual Methods tutorial (Without virtual)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Virtual Methods	Open
When Class Constructor Is Explicity Defined	Classes & OOP	A user-defined new() initializes a member, so the object already holds that value when it is read right after new.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
When Class Constructor Is Implicitly Called	Classes & OOP	A class with no new(): the tool supplies a default constructor, so the member simply keeps its default value of 0.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
When The New Function Is Declared As Static Or Virtual	Classes & OOP	A note that a class constructor may not be virtual or static; the example just runs a plain new() that sets a string field.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
Without $cast	Classes & OOP	The same enum assignment written with $cast (a plain myCent = 25 would be illegal), contrasting the task form with the function form.	Ch #5: Classes & OOP	Open
super Keyword: Accessing an Overridden Base Method With super	Classes & OOP	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog super Keyword tutorial (Accessing an Overridden Base Method With super)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog super Keyword	Open
Array Reduction Iterative Constraint	Constraints	An array-reduction constraint, array.sum() with (int'(item)) == 20, forcing the elements to add up to 20.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Bus Protocol Constraints	Constraints	Simple example on how to create a bus transaction object	Ch#7 : Constraints	Open
Constraint 'inside': Practical Example	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Constraint 'inside' tutorial (Practical Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Constraint 'inside'	Open
Constraint Blocks: Simple Constraint Block	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Constraint Blocks tutorial (Simple Constraint Block)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Constraint Blocks	Open
Constraint Examples: :/ Operator	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Constraint Examples tutorial (:/ Operator)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Constraint Examples	Open
Constraint Examples: := Operator	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Constraint Examples tutorial (:= Operator)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Constraint Examples	Open
Constraint Examples: Bidirectional Constraints	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Constraint Examples tutorial (Bidirectional Constraints)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Constraint Examples	Open
Disable Constraints Example 1	Constraints	constraint_mode() called as a function to query whether the c_num constraint is enabled before randomizing.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Disable Constraints Example 2	Constraints	c_num.constraint_mode(0) disables a constraint so randomize() ignores its range on num.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Equal Memory Partitions	Constraints	Shows how to create equal regions in memory using constraints and randomization	Ch#7 : Constraints	Open
How Is It Different From Hard Constraints?	Constraints	The same code with a hard range constraint, so randomize() with { data == 2; } conflicts and randomization fails.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Implication Constraint Example 1	Constraints	An implication constraint mode == 2 -> len > 10: the consequent is enforced only when the antecedent holds, otherwise len is free.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Implication Constraint Example 2	Constraints	An implication constraint with a range antecedent - mode inside {[5:B]} -> mod_en == 1.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Implication Constraint Example 3	Constraints	A constraint that uses if/else (with a nested if/else in braces) to set mod_en according to which range mode falls in.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Inline Constraints: Basic Inline Constraint	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Inline Constraints tutorial (Basic Inline Constraint)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Inline Constraints	Open
Inline Constraints: Basic Inline Constraint	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Inline Constraints tutorial (Basic Inline Constraint)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Inline Constraints	Open
Inverted Inside	Constraints	A negated inside constraint, !(m_var inside {[3:7]}), forces the randomized value to fall outside 3 to 7.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Memory Block Randomization	Constraints	Shows how constraints can be used to reserve a region in memory	Ch#7 : Constraints	Open
Multidimensional Arrays	Constraints	A nested foreach constraint over a packed multidimensional array, forcing even indices to 'hF and odd indices to 0.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays	Constraints	A foreach constraint that fixes the outer size first, then randomizes each inner sub-array's size and element values.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Non-static Constraints	Constraints	Two ordinary non-static constraints on a class; two objects then randomize independently of each other.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Partition For Programs And Data	Constraints	A memory-layout class that splits RAM into program, data and free regions using size lists, dist weighting and a total-size sum() constraint.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Soft Constraints Example	Constraints	A soft constraint (soft data >= 4) that is silently dropped when an inline randomize() with { data == 2; } contradicts it.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Turn Off Non-static Constraint	Constraints	One plain constraint and one static constraint; disabling the non-static one on obj1 affects only that object.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Turn Off Static Constraint	Constraints	Disabling a static constraint through one handle turns it off for every object of the class.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Used In Constraints	Constraints	A class constraint m_var inside {[3:7]} keeps the randomized value between 3 and 7 across repeated randomize() calls.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Variable Memory Partitions	Constraints	Shows how to create memory regions of different sizes	Ch#7 : Constraints	Open
Variable Memory Partitions With Space In Between	Constraints	A RAM-partitioning class: constraints choose a partition count, per-partition sizes and inter-partition gaps that fill the address range, then derive each start…	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
When Used In Conditional Statements	Constraints	The inside operator used in a ternary and in if/else to test whether a random value falls in the range 4 to 9.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
With Solve - Before	Constraints	The same constraint plus solve a before b, biasing the solver to pick a first so a == 1 occurs about half the time.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
Without Solve - Before	Constraints	The constraint a -> b == 3 with no solve order, so the joint solution makes a == 0 far more likely.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
external constraints	Constraints	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Constraint Blocks tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Constraint Blocks	Open
foreach Constraint Example 1	Constraints	A foreach constraint that sets every element of a fixed array equal to its own index.	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
foreach Constraint Example 2	Constraints	foreach constraints on both a dynamic array and a queue, with the queue sized by a separate constraint and the dynamic array sized in new().	Ch #7: Constraints	Open
solve before: Random Distribution Example	Constraints	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog solve before tutorial (Random Distribution Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog solve before	Open
'break' and 'continue': break	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'break' and 'continue' tutorial (break)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'break' and 'continue'	Open
'break' and 'continue': break	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'break' and 'continue' tutorial (break)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'break' and 'continue'	Open
'break' and 'continue': break in Nested Loops	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'break' and 'continue' tutorial (break in Nested Loops)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'break' and 'continue'	Open
'unique' and 'priority' case: unique: No items match for given expression	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'unique' and 'priority' case tutorial (unique: No items match for given expression)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'unique' and 'priority' case	Open
'unique' and 'priority' if-else: Exit after first match in priority-if	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'unique' and 'priority' if-else tutorial (Exit after first match in priority-if)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'unique' and 'priority' if-else	Open
'unique' and 'priority' if-else: No else clause in priority-if	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog 'unique' and 'priority' if-else tutorial (No else clause in priority-if)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog 'unique' and 'priority' if-else	Open
Design Example	Control Flow & Loops	A parameterized priority encoder driven by a for-loop testbench that walks one-hot inputs and checks the priority cases.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Do While Loop	Control Flow & Loops	A do...while loop that still executes its body once even though the while condition is false from the start.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Do While Loop	Control Flow & Loops	A do...while loop that runs once and then continues while cnt < 5.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Exit After First Match In Priority-if	Control Flow & Loops	priority if evaluates its conditions in order and executes only the first one that matches.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Forever	Control Flow & Loops	A forever loop that prints every 5ns, kept from hanging the simulation by a separate initial block that calls $finish at 50ns.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Loops: foreach	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Loops tutorial (foreach)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Loops	Open
Loops: forever	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Loops tutorial (forever)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Loops	Open
Loops: repeat	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Loops tutorial (repeat)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Loops	Open
Loops: while	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Loops tutorial (while)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Loops	Open
Loops: while	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Loops tutorial (while)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Loops	Open
Loops: while	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Loops tutorial (while)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Loops	Open
Multidimensional Arrays	Control Flow & Loops	Nested foreach (md_array[i]) / foreach (md_array[i][j]) to walk a 5 by 2 array.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Multiple Matches In Unique-if	Control Flow & Loops	A unique if where two branch conditions are both true, which triggers a uniqueness violation.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
No Else Block For Unique-if	Control Flow & Loops	A unique if with an else runs cleanly; a second unique if with no else and no matching branch reports a violation.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
No Else Clause In Priority-if	Control Flow & Loops	A priority if with an else is fine; without an else and with no match it reports a violation.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Priority Case	Control Flow & Loops	A priority case with duplicate items executes only the first matching branch and reports no violation.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Repeat	Control Flow & Loops	A repeat(5) loop that executes its block exactly five times and exits.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Single Dimensional Arrays	Control Flow & Loops	foreach over a fixed array to print its elements and, in a second loop, accumulate their running sum.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Unique: More Than One Case Item Matches	Control Flow & Loops	A unique case with a duplicate matching item (0 listed twice), which reports a violation.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
Unique: No Items Match For Given Expression	Control Flow & Loops	A unique case where no case item matches the selector, which reports a violation.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
While And Do-While Loop Example	Control Flow & Loops	A while loop whose condition is already false on entry, so the body never runs.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
While Loop	Control Flow & Loops	A while loop counting from 0 to 4.	Ch #4: Control Flow & Loops	Open
for loop: Using the for Loop in Verification	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog for loop tutorial (Using the for Loop in Verification)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog for loop	Open
for loop: Using the for Loop in Verification	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog for loop tutorial (Using the for Loop in Verification)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog for loop	Open
for loop: Using the for Loop in Verification	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog for loop tutorial (Using the for Loop in Verification)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog for loop	Open
foreach loop: Example #1: Single-Dimensional Arrays	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog foreach loop tutorial (Example #1: Single-Dimensional Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog foreach loop	Open
foreach loop: Example #2: Multidimensional Arrays	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog foreach loop tutorial (Example #2: Multidimensional Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog foreach loop	Open
foreach loop: Example #2: Multidimensional Arrays	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog foreach loop tutorial (Example #2: Multidimensional Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog foreach loop	Open
foreach loop: Iteration Order	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog foreach loop tutorial (Iteration Order)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog foreach loop	Open
foreach loop: Using foreach in Verification	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog foreach loop tutorial (Using foreach in Verification)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog foreach loop	Open
forever loop: Example: A Testbench Monitor	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog forever loop tutorial (Example: A Testbench Monitor)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog forever loop	Open
forever loop: Example: Clock Generation	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog forever loop tutorial (Example: Clock Generation)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog forever loop	Open
forever loop: Stopping a forever Loop	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog forever loop tutorial (Stopping a forever Loop)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog forever loop	Open
repeat: Example #1: Repeat a Statement	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog repeat tutorial (Example #1: Repeat a Statement)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog repeat	Open
repeat: Example #2: Wait for N Clock Cycles	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog repeat tutorial (Example #2: Wait for N Clock Cycles)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog repeat	Open
repeat: Using repeat in Verification	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog repeat tutorial (Using repeat in Verification)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog repeat	Open
while and do-while loop: Example #1: while Loop	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog while and do-while loop tutorial (Example #1: while Loop)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog while and do-while loop	Open
while and do-while loop: Example #2: while Loop That Never Runs	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog while and do-while loop tutorial (Example #2: while Loop That Never Runs)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog while and do-while loop	Open
while and do-while loop: Example #3: do while Loop	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog while and do-while loop tutorial (Example #3: do while Loop)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog while and do-while loop	Open
while and do-while loop: Example #3: do while Loop	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog while and do-while loop tutorial (Example #3: do while Loop)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog while and do-while loop	Open
while and do-while loop: Using while in Verification: Polling with a Timeout	Control Flow & Loops	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog while and do-while loop tutorial (Using while in Verification: Polling with a Timeout)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog while and do-while loop	Open
Associative Array Iterators	Data Types	Simple examples of associative array methods	ChipVerify Ch#3 Assoc Arrays	Open
Associative Array Methods	Data Types	How to use in-built methods of associative arrays		Open
Associative Arrays	Data Types	Create and display associative arrays where keys and values are of different types: https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-associative-array		Open
Copy Dynamic Array	Data Types	How to copy dynamic arrays		Open
Data Types: Fixed Arrays	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Data Types tutorial (Fixed Arrays)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Data Types	Open
Data Types: Floating Point/Exponential Numbers	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Data Types tutorial (Floating Point/Exponential Numbers)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Data Types	Open
Dynamic Array Methods	Data Types	How to use in-built methods of dynamic arrays		Open
Dynamic Arrays	Data Types	Create and iterate a dynamic array : https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-dynamic-array		Open
Dynamic array inside Associative arrays	Data Types	How to create and iterate a dynamic array as a value for each key in an associative array		Open
Dynamic array of Associative arrays	Data Types	How to create multiple associative arrays and store them inside a dynamic array		Open
Enhanced Literal	Data Types	Example of how ' literal can be used to assign full 1s	Ch#2 : Data Types	Open
Enumeration Example	Data Types	Every enum numbering style in one file: implicit, explicit values, name[N], name[N]=C, name[N:M], and name[N:M]=C.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Enumeration Methods Example	Data Types	The enum methods first(), last(), next(), prev(), num() and name() demonstrated on a colors variable.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Fill Literals: '0 and '1	Data Types	Unbased unsized fill literals set every bit of a vector regardless of its width	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Data Types	Open
How To Define A New Enumerated Data Type?	Data Types	typedef enum {NO, YES} boolean defines a new type; a variable of it is assigned and printed with .name.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Multidimensional Unpacked Array	Data Types	Example of a simple MDA : https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-unpacked-arrays		Open
Queue Indexing	Data Types	Example on accessing queue with indices		Open
Queue Methods	Data Types	Simple code on how to use queue methods		Open
Queue of Classes	Data Types	Create, iterate and print a queue of class objects		Open
Queue of Dynamic Arrays	Data Types	Create, iterate and print a queue of dynamic arrays		Open
Queues	Data Types	Simple introduction to SV Queues, see more at https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-queue		Open
Single Dimensional Unpacked Array	Data Types	Example of a regular array		Open
Strings Example	Data Types	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Strings tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Strings	Open
Strings Example	Data Types	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Strings tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Strings	Open
Strings: SystemVerilog String Example	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Strings tutorial (SystemVerilog String Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Strings	Open
Structure Comparison With Union	Data Types	Compare how struct behaves with union	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Structure Example	Data Types	An anonymous struct variable initialized with '{...}, printed with %p, then updated member by member.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Structure Example	Data Types	A packed struct mapped onto an 8-bit register: initialize by field list, change one field, then assign a raw 8-bit value to the whole struct.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Structure: Array of Structures	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Structure tutorial (Array of Structures)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Structure	Open
SystemVerilog Union	Data Types		Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Type Checking	Data Types	Enum strict typing: a direct integer assignment is illegal, an explicit e_light'(1) cast is legal, and the enum auto-casts to int inside comparisons.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
Typedef Alias Example	Data Types	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Typedef Alias tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog typedef and alias	Open
What Is The Need To Typedef A Structure?	Data Types	typedef struct makes a reusable type; assigning one struct variable to another copies by value, so changing the source leaves the copy untouched.	Ch #2: Data Types	Open
bit, byte and int: 2-State Data Types	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog bit, byte and int tutorial (2-State Data Types)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: Data Types Integer Byte Example	Data Types	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Data Types Integer Byte tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: Sign Cast	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog bit, byte and int tutorial (Sign Cast)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: bit datatype	Data Types	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Data Types Integer Byte tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: byte	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog bit, byte and int tutorial (byte)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: int	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog bit, byte and int tutorial (int)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: longint	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog bit, byte and int tutorial (longint)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
bit, byte and int: shortint	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog bit, byte and int tutorial (shortint)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog bit, byte and int	Open
logic: Example 1: Driven from Both a Procedural Block and a Continuous Assign	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog logic tutorial (Example 1: Driven from Both a Procedural Block and a Continuous Assign)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog logic	Open
logic: Example 2: Driven Purely from a Procedural Block	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog logic tutorial (Example 2: Driven Purely from a Procedural Block)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog logic	Open
logic: Example 3: Driven Purely from a Continuous Assign	Data Types	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog logic tutorial (Example 3: Driven Purely from a Continuous Assign)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog logic	Open
FV ALU vs Reference Model (with a bug)	Formal Verification	An 8-bit ALU whose set-less-than compares unsigned. One assertion against a reference model finds it.	Formal Verification tutorial: Datapaths Against a Reference Model	Open
FV APB Register Block (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A write to the read-only ID register at 0xC also lands in the scratch register. Found with read-after-write.	Formal Verification tutorial: Simple Bus Slave	Open
FV Adder RTL vs Netlist (with a wrong gate)	Formal Verification	A 4-bit adder, its gate netlist with one hand-edited gate, and a miter that asserts equal outputs.	Formal Verification tutorial: Combinational Equivalence	Open
FV Arbiter Starvation (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A fixed-priority arbiter that starves requester 1. Bounded liveness req[1] \|-> ##[0:4] gnt[1] finds it.	Formal Verification tutorial: Safety and Liveness	Open
FV Assume-Guarantee: source and sink	Formal Verification	The source proves its guarantees; the sink assumes them and proves the sum. Set the top module to src, then to sink.	Formal Verification tutorial: Assume-Guarantee	Open
FV Bug Hunt: five designs	Formal Verification	Five small designs, each with one bug. Select a top module, write one property in its FORMAL block, and find the bug.	Formal Verification tutorial: Bug Hunt	Open
FV Capstone: UART transmitter (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A parameterized UART transmitter checked against a reference timeline with a symbolic bit index. It sends the data bits in the wrong order.	Formal Verification tutorial: Capstone: UART Transmitter	Open
FV Capstone: prove a FIFO	Formal Verification	A complete FIFO check with flags, tracked-value order and three helper invariants. Run the base case, then the induction step.	Formal Verification tutorial: Capstone: Verify a FIFO	Open
FV Capstone: round-robin arbiter	Formal Verification	The fixed round-robin arbiter with safety, fairness and a hold assumption; covers as commented meant-to-fail checks.	Formal Verification tutorial: Capstone: Verify a Round-Robin Arbiter	Open
FV Cone of Influence: control vs data	Formal Verification	The shift-and-add multiplier with only its control property. Fast at any width, because the datapath is outside the cone.	Formal Verification tutorial: State Explosion	Open
FV Counter 0 to 5 (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A counter that should count from 0 to 5 wraps at 6; the formal check finds it. Fix the wrap value.	Formal Verification tutorial: What Is Formal Verification?	Open
FV Coverage Closure: classify the holes	Formal Verification	Four simulation coverage holes of the request controller as meant-to-fail checks. Activate them one at a time.	Formal Verification tutorial: Formal for Coverage Closure	Open
FV Covers for a State Machine	Formal Verification	One cover per state and one for an err/stop collision. The collision is unreachable because of a priority bug.	Formal Verification tutorial: Cover Properties as a Sanity Check	Open
FV Debouncer: choosing a depth (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A debouncer that waits one cycle too long. Depths 5 and 6 pass, depth 7 finds the bug.	Formal Verification tutorial: Choosing a Depth	Open
FV Debugging a Non-Equivalence	Formal Verification	The adder miter with a different wrong gate in the netlist. Localize the difference from the counterexample.	Formal Verification tutorial: When Equivalence Fails	Open
FV Decimal Counter: bounded pass or proof?	Formal Verification	A mod-10 counter with the rule q <= 9. The normal run is the base case; the induction step is included as a comment.	Formal Verification tutorial: Why a Passing BMC Is Not a Proof	Open
FV Decimal Counter: the induction step	Formal Verification	The induction step for q <= 9 with K = 1, run in the lab. Change the property to q != 11 to see a false step failure.	Formal Verification tutorial: Induction: Base Case and Step	Open
FV FIFO Counter (with a bug)	Formal Verification	The occupancy counter of a 4-entry FIFO goes up to 5. Read the counterexample, find the bug and fix it.	Formal Verification tutorial: Reading a Counterexample	Open
FV FIFO Data Integrity (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A 4-entry FIFO whose write pointer does not move on a simultaneous push and pop. The tracked (magic) value finds the lost word.	Formal Verification tutorial: Data Integrity Properties	Open
FV FIFO: shrinking the problem	Formal Verification	A parameterized FIFO with flag and tracked-value checks. Change W (data bits) and AW (address bits) to see the run time change.	Formal Verification tutorial: Shrinking the Problem	Open
FV Formal Wrapper (formal_props.sv)	Formal Verification	The saturating counter checked from outside through a formal_props.sv wrapper, without editing the design file.	Formal Verification tutorial: The ifdef FORMAL Block and the Formal Wrapper	Open
FV Interrupt Controller: symbolic channel (with a bug)	Formal Verification	One property for a channel the tool chooses covers all eight channels and finds the one that loses interrupts.	Formal Verification tutorial: Symbolic Values	Open
FV Job Unit Latency (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A unit with 1-cycle and 3-cycle jobs; the long job takes 4. The SVA window start \|-> ##[1:3] done, written with a helper counter.	Formal Verification tutorial: Sequences and Implication	Open
FV LFSR: distance from reset	Formal Verification	A 16-bit LFSR that never reaches zero. Change the asserted value to measure how many cycles a state is from reset.	Formal Verification tutorial: How BMC Unrolls a Design	Open
FV Lockstep Counters: induction fails	Formal Verification	Two identical counters always agree, but the induction step fails from an unreachable start state.	Formal Verification tutorial: Unreachable States and Induction Failures	Open
FV Lockstep Counters: strengthened	Formal Verification	The induction step with the helper invariant a == b passes with K = 1.	Formal Verification tutorial: Strengthening Invariants	Open
FV MAC with a Cut Point	Formal Verification	A multiply-accumulate unit. Define CUT_MULT to replace the multiplier with a free value and see a false failure.	Formal Verification tutorial: Black Boxes and Cut Points	Open
FV Magic Value: Left-Over Debug Code	Formal Verification	An alarm that must never be raised hides behind one 32-bit value; random simulation almost never finds it, formal does in a few cycles.	Formal Verification tutorial: Formal vs Simulation	Open
FV Mod-60 Counter: a deep bug	Formal Verification	The bug needs 62 cycles to show. Passes at depth 10, fails at depth 63 (PRO). Scale it down with a parameter to find it on the free tier.	Formal Verification tutorial: Depth, Engines and Limits	Open
FV One-Hot Multiplexer: why assumptions	Formal Verification	An AND-OR multiplexer that is correct only for one-hot selects. Remove the assumption to see a false failure.	Formal Verification tutorial: Why Assumptions Are Needed	Open
FV Over-Constrained Check (hides a bug)	Formal Verification	A tracker with an off-by-one limit. An assumption that is too strong makes everything pass; find and remove it.	Formal Verification tutorial: Over-Constraining	Open
FV Pin Multiplexer: connectivity and reset (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A 4-pad pin multiplexer checked against its connectivity table and reset values. One pad is missing from the reset.	Formal Verification tutorial: Connectivity and Reset Checks	Open
FV Pointer FIFO (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A 4-entry FIFO that reports full after 3 words. A reference count checks the flags against the specified depth.	Formal Verification tutorial: Synchronous FIFOs	Open
FV Priority Arbiter (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A 4-requester fixed-priority arbiter that can grant two requesters at once. A $onehot0 invariant finds it.	Formal Verification tutorial: Invariants	Open
FV Proof in Two Halves	Formal Verification	Base case and induction step for the lockstep counters, selected with a `define switch. Both must pass.	Formal Verification tutorial: Proofs in Practice	Open
FV Pulse Timer: assert, assume, cover	Formal Verification	A timer that is busy for 3 cycles. Passes with the assumption "no start while busy"; remove it to see the counterexample.	Formal Verification tutorial: assert, assume and cover	Open
FV Register File with x0 (with a bug)	Formal Verification	Register 0 should always read as zero, but it is a real register. Read-after-write is checked with a tracked register.	Formal Verification tutorial: Register Files and Memories	Open
FV Request Controller FSM (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A controller with a 4-cycle timeout whose timer is not cleared on a new request.	Formal Verification tutorial: Finite State Machines	Open
FV Restating the RTL	Formal Verification	The buggy FIFO counter with two properties: one copied from the RTL (passes) and one from the specification (fails).	Formal Verification tutorial: Writing Good Properties	Open
FV Round-Robin Arbiter (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A 4-requester round-robin arbiter whose pointer never moves. The fairness check finds a starving requester.	Formal Verification tutorial: Arbiters	Open
FV Saturating Adder (with a bug)	Formal Verification	An 8-bit saturating adder that misses some overflows. An immediate and a clocked assertion find it in the first step.	Formal Verification tutorial: Immediate and Concurrent Assertions	Open
FV Saturating Counter	Formal Verification	A counter that stops at 12. Two assertions: never above 12, and stays at 12. Passes; try depth 20 with PRO.	Formal Verification tutorial: Your First Formal Run	Open
FV Shift-and-Add Multiplier: run time	Formal Verification	A W-bit sequential multiplier checked against a*b. Fast at 6 bits, 15 s at 8 bits, over 300 s at 10 bits.	Formal Verification tutorial: Performance	Open
FV Skid Buffer (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A skid buffer that sends a word twice when a new word arrives while the old one leaves.	Formal Verification tutorial: Valid/Ready Pipelines and Skid Buffers	Open
FV Source and Sink: debugging a counterexample	Formal Verification	An end-to-end sum check across two modules fails. Localize the cause with a boundary assertion and a hypothesis.	Formal Verification tutorial: Debugging Counterexamples Efficiently	Open
FV Sticky Error Flag (with a bug)	Formal Verification	An error flag that should stay set until cleared but forgets the error. Checked with $past, $rose and $fell.	Formal Verification tutorial: $past, $rose, $fell and $stable	Open
FV Tick Divider (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A divide-by-3 tick that comes every 4 cycles. The period property finds the off-by-one wrap.	Formal Verification tutorial: Counters and Clock Dividers	Open
FV Traffic Light: Reachable States	Formal Verification	A 2-bit state machine with three states; prove that the unused encoding 11 is never reached from reset.	Formal Verification tutorial: State and Reachability	Open
FV Traffic Light: binary vs one-hot (with a bug)	Formal Verification	Sequential equivalence of two encodings of the same state machine, with a bug in the one-hot version.	Formal Verification tutorial: Sequential Equivalence	Open
FV Transaction Tracker: protocol assumption	Formal Verification	Counts requests in flight to a memory. Passes with the assumption "responses only for requests in flight"; remove it to see the count wrap.	Formal Verification tutorial: Input Protocol Assumptions	Open
FV Vacuous Property (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A state machine with a bug and a property whose trigger can never happen. Everything passes until the trigger is fixed.	Formal Verification tutorial: Vacuity	Open
FV Valid Pipeline: a missing reset	Formal Verification	A two-stage pipeline whose second valid bit is not reset; a word appears right after reset.	Formal Verification tutorial: Reset and Initial State	Open
FV Valid/Ready Sender (with a bug)	Formal Verification	A stream sender that changes its data while the receiver is not ready. The handshake rules find it.	Formal Verification tutorial: Handshake Properties	Open
FV Watchdog: a deep bug	Formal Verification	A watchdog that wraps after 1023 cycles. Passes at depth 100 from reset; start anywhere to find it in two steps.	Formal Verification tutorial: Deep Bugs	Open
FV X-Propagation: two copies (with a bug)	Formal Verification	Two copies of a pipeline with independent start values: after reset their outputs must agree. Also a decoder with an unreachable branch (top dec_dead).	Formal Verification tutorial: X-Propagation and Unreachable Code	Open
Automatic Bins	Functional Coverage	A coverpoint using bins range[] = {[0:$]} to auto-create one bin per possible value of the sampled variable.	Ch #8: Functional Coverage	Open
Covergroup	Functional Coverage	A covergroup sampled on posedge clk with a single coverpoint on a 2-bit variable; instantiated like a class object, with get_inst_coverage() printed at the end …	Ch #8: Functional Coverage	Open
Coverpoint	Functional Coverage	One covergroup holding several named coverpoints - a plain variable, two bit-selects of another, and an expression - all sampled together on the clock edge.	Ch #8: Functional Coverage	Open
Coverpoint Bins Example	Functional Coverage	A coverpoint with two explicit single-value bins (bins one = {1}, bins five = {5}), sampled manually with cg_inst.sample().	Ch #8: Functional Coverage	Open
Fixed Number Of Automatic Bins	Functional Coverage	bins range[4] = {[0:$]} splits the full value range into exactly four bins.	Ch #8: Functional Coverage	Open
Split Fixed Number Of Bins Between A Given Range	Functional Coverage	bins range[3] = {[1:4], 7} distributes the listed values across three bins.	Ch #8: Functional Coverage	Open
Clocking Blocks Part 1: Declaring a Clocking Block Inside an Interface	Interfaces & Modports	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 1 tutorial (Declaring a Clocking Block Inside an Interface)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 1	Open
Clocking Blocks Part 2: A Complete Example	Interfaces & Modports	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 2 tutorial (A Complete Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 2	Open
Clocking Blocks Part 2: Input Skew in Detail	Interfaces & Modports	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 2 tutorial (Input Skew in Detail)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 2	Open
Clocking Blocks Part 2: Output Skew in Detail	Interfaces & Modports	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 2 tutorial (Output Skew in Detail)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Clocking Blocks Part 2	Open
Interface With A SystemVerilog Design	Interfaces & Modports	The same counter, but the DUT takes the interface directly as a port and drives _if.count, and the interface itself carries an init() task.	Ch #10: Interfaces & Modports	Open
Interface With A Verilog Design	Interfaces & Modports	A SystemVerilog interface bundles a counter's signals while the plain-Verilog DUT is still connected port by port from that interface.	Ch #10: Interfaces & Modports	Open
Interface: How Do You Connect an Interface to a DUT?	Interfaces & Modports	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interface tutorial (How Do You Connect an Interface to a DUT?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interface	Open
Modport Example	Interfaces & Modports	An interface with modport slave and modport master; master and slave modules take their modport views and are joined in a top module driven by the testbench.	Ch #10: Interfaces & Modports	Open
Virtual Interface: A Complete Example	Interfaces & Modports	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Virtual Interface tutorial (A Complete Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Virtual Interface	Open
Event Example	Interprocess Communication	One event triggered with -> and waited on three ways in parallel: @(event) and wait(event.triggered).	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
Event: How to Trigger and Wait for an Event	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Event tutorial (How to Trigger and Wait for an Event)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Event	Open
Generic Mailbox Example	Interprocess Communication	A bounded mailbox of capacity 2 with a producer putting one item per ns and a consumer taking one every 2ns, printing num() as it fills and drains.	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
Interprocess Communication: What Are Events?	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interprocess Communication tutorial (What Are Events?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interprocess Communication	Open
Interprocess Communication: What's a Mailbox?	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interprocess Communication tutorial (What's a Mailbox?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interprocess Communication	Open
Interprocess Communication: What's a Semaphore?	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interprocess Communication tutorial (What's a Semaphore?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interprocess Communication	Open
Mailbox Example	Interprocess Communication	A parameterized mailbox #(string) shared between two class components by handle assignment; one puts strings, the other loops on get().	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
Mailbox: peek() and try_peek(): Looking Without Removing	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Mailbox tutorial (peek() and try_peek(): Looking Without Removing)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Mailbox	Open
Mailbox: try_put(): Checking for Room Without Blocking	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Mailbox tutorial (try_put(): Checking for Room Without Blocking)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Mailbox	Open
Matching Different Type Mailboxes	Interprocess Communication	A mailbox #(string) handle assigned into a mailbox #(byte) handle, showing the type mismatch between parameterized mailboxes.	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
Merging Events	Interprocess Communication	Reassigning one event handle to another at run time (event_b = event_a) so a wait on event_b is satisfied when event_a triggers.	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
Semaphore: A Basic Example: Mutual Exclusion With One Key	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Semaphore tutorial (A Basic Example: Mutual Exclusion With One Key)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Semaphore	Open
Semaphore: A Semaphore With Multiple Keys	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Semaphore tutorial (A Semaphore With Multiple Keys)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Semaphore	Open
Semaphore: try_get(): Checking for a Key Without Waiting	Interprocess Communication	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Semaphore tutorial (try_get(): Checking for a Key Without Waiting)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Semaphore	Open
Wait_order	Interprocess Communication	wait_order(a, b, c) passes only when the three events fire in that exact sequence, with an else branch for the wrong order.	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
What Is The Difference Between @ And.triggered?	Interprocess Communication	The same event, but each waiter first delays #20 - showing @(event) misses an already-fired trigger while .triggered still sees it.	Ch #12: Interprocess Communication	Open
Interview Questions Set 4: How to find indices associated with associative array	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 4 tutorial (How to find indices associated with associative array items?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 4	Open
Interview Questions Set 4: Is it possible to override existing constraints?	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 4 tutorial (Is it possible to override existing constraints?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 4	Open
Interview Questions Set 5: How to disable randomization?	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 5 tutorial (How to disable randomization?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 5	Open
Interview Questions Set 5: Write a constraint to detect odd numbers of ones in a	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 5 tutorial (Write a constraint to detect odd numbers of ones in an 8-bit sequence.)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 5	Open
Interview Questions Set 6: Randomly generate 8, 16, 32, 64 with equal probabilit	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 6 tutorial (Randomly generate 8, 16, 32, 64 with equal probability using SystemVerilog construct…	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 6	Open
Interview Questions Set 7: Write SV code to wait for a random delay in range 100	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 7 tutorial (Write SV code to wait for a random delay in range 100 to 500 ns.)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 7	Open
Interview Questions Set 8: Constrain a dynamic array such that it does not pick	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 8 tutorial (Constrain a dynamic array such that it does not pick values from another array.)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 8	Open
Interview Questions Set 9: How to generate array without randomization?	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 9 tutorial (How to generate array without randomization?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 9	Open
Interview Questions Set 9: Write randomization constraints for the following req	Interview Questions	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 9 tutorial (Write randomization constraints for the following requirements on an array.)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Interview Questions Set 9	Open
TestBench: What Are Abstraction Levels?	Introduction & Basics	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog TestBench tutorial (What Are Abstraction Levels?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog TestBench	Open
After Using Rand_mode()	Randomization	f.rand_mode(0) called on the object turns off randomization for all of its rand variables at once.	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
After Using Rand_mode()	Randomization	var1.rand_mode(0) turns off randomization for one variable, so it keeps its value while the others still randomize.	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
Disable Randomization: Randomization Enabled by Default	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Disable Randomization tutorial (Randomization Enabled by Default)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Disable Randomization	Open
Dynamic Array Randomization	Randomization	How to randomize a dynamic array. Note : Verilator fails to handle this code properly ! But it works on commercial grade simulators like Xcelium, VCS, etc.		Open
Dynamic Array Randomization in a Class	Randomization	A rand dynamic array with size and per-element foreach constraints (d_array[i] == i).	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
How Is Randomization Done In SystemVerilog?	Randomization	A class with rand and randc variables plus range constraints, randomized 15 times with assert(randomize()) to show randc cycling through every value before repe…	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
Queue Randomization	Randomization	A rand queue inside a class constrained to size() == 4 and then randomized.	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
Random: rand: Uniformly Distributed, Repeats Allowed	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Random tutorial (rand: Uniformly Distributed, Repeats Allowed)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Random	Open
Random: randc: Cycles Through Every Value Before Repeating	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Random tutorial (randc: Cycles Through Every Value Before Repeating)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Random	Open
Randomization: Always Check the Return Value	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Randomization tutorial (Always Check the Return Value)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Randomization	Open
Randomizing Class Properties	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Randomization tutorial (Randomizing Class Properties)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Randomization	Open
Randomizing Plain Variables with std::randomize()	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Randomization tutorial (Randomizing Plain Variables with std::randomize())	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Randomization	Open
Static Array Randomization	Randomization	How to randomize a static array		Open
Static Arrays	Randomization	A rand fixed-size array inside a class, randomized and printed with %p.	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
Without Using Rand_mode()	Randomization	rand_mode() queried as a function to confirm that randomization is enabled for the class's variables.	Ch #6: Randomization	Open
pre_randomize & post_randomize: Calling randomize()	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog pre_randomize & post_randomize tutorial (Calling randomize())	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog pre_randomize & post_randomize	Open
randcase: Weighted Random Branch Selection	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog randcase tutorial (Weighted Random Branch Selection)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog randcase	Open
randcase: Weighted Random Branch Selection	Randomization	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog randcase tutorial (Weighted Random Branch Selection)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog randcase	Open
#0 Delay: The Gotcha: #0 Still Runs Before NBA	Scheduling Semantics	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog #0 Delay tutorial (The Gotcha: #0 Still Runs Before NBA)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog #0 Delay	Open
Delta Cycles: Multi-Level Combinational Logic Needs Multiple Delta Cycles	Scheduling Semantics	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Delta Cycles tutorial (Multi-Level Combinational Logic Needs Multiple Delta Cycles)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Delta Cycles	Open
Command Line Arguments: $test$plusargs: Checking Whether an Argument Was Passed	Testbench Components	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Command Line Arguments tutorial ($test$plusargs: Checking Whether an Argument Was Passed)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Command Line Arguments	Open
Command Line Arguments: $value$plusargs: Extracting a Value	Testbench Components	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Command Line Arguments tutorial ($value$plusargs: Extracting a Value)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Command Line Arguments	Open
File Operations Example 1	Testbench Components	$fopen in read versus write mode, checking the returned file descriptor each time, then $fclose.	Ch #13: Testbench Components	Open
File Operations Example 2	Testbench Components	Opening the same file with w, r and a modes into separate descriptors and checking each one.	Ch #13: Testbench Components	Open
File Operations Example 3	Testbench Components	Writing five lines with $fdisplay, then reopening the file and reading them back line by line with $fgets.	Ch #13: Testbench Components	Open
File Operations Example 4	Testbench Components	The same file write, then reading until $feof in a while loop with $fgets.	Ch #13: Testbench Components	Open
File Operations Example 5	Testbench Components	The same file write, then parsing each line with $fscanf("%s = %0d", ...) and using its match count as the loop condition.	Ch #13: Testbench Components	Open
Simple Memory Testbench Example	Testbench Components	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Testbench Example 1 tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Testbench Example 1	Open
Testbench Example Adder	Testbench Components	Runnable example from the Systemverilog Testbench Example Adder tutorial.	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Testbench Example Adder	Open
Testbench Top	Testbench Components	A complete class-based (non-UVM) testbench for a packet switch: generator, driver, semaphore-pipelined monitor, and a scoreboard that checks address routing.	Ch #13: Testbench Components	Open
file operations: What Are Multichannel File Descriptors?	Testbench Components	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog file operations tutorial (What Are Multichannel File Descriptors?)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog file operations	Open
Does Wait Fork Wait Until All Processes Are Over?	Threads & Processes	A second fork...join_any followed by wait fork, showing wait fork waits for all outstanding sub-threads, not only the current fork.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join Example	Threads & Processes	Another fork...join with three parallel threads of different delays; the parent prints only after the longest one ends.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join Example	Threads & Processes	Three statements run in parallel inside fork...join; the parent thread resumes only after all three have finished.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join Example 1	Threads & Processes	A fork...join nested inside another fork...join, using an automatic task so each spawned copy keeps its own arguments.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join Example 2	Threads & Processes	A fork...join whose first branch is itself a fork...join of three delayed threads, showing how the nested join holds the parent until every leaf finishes.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join_any Example	Threads & Processes	fork...join_any: the parent resumes as soon as the first of three parallel threads completes, leaving the others running.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join_any Example	Threads & Processes	fork...join_any with an automatic task: the parent resumes after the first thread (the 10-unit one) completes.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Fork Join_none Example	Threads & Processes	fork...join_none: the parent continues immediately without waiting for any spawned thread.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Nested Fork Join_any	Threads & Processes	join_any nested inside join_any, so the inner join releasing its parent lets the outer join release as well.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Nested Fork Join_none	Threads & Processes	join_none nested inside another join_none - neither level blocks, so every print happens after the parent has already finished.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Process Class: A Complete Example	Threads & Processes	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog Process Class tutorial (A Complete Example)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog Process Class	Open
Wait Fork Example	Threads & Processes	wait fork placed after a join_any makes the parent block until every thread spawned in that fork has finished.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
What Happens When Fork Is Disabled?	Threads & Processes	Adding disable fork after a join_any kills the still-running sibling threads so their later prints never happen.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Why Disable A Fork?	Threads & Processes	fork...join_any where the parent proceeds after the first thread, but the remaining threads keep running and still print later.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
Why Do We Need Automatic Task?	Threads & Processes	The same join_none fork calling a static task, so all threads share one copy of the arguments and print the wrong names - the case that motivates automatic.	Ch #11: Threads & Processes	Open
disable: A Basic Example: Disabling One Named Block	Threads & Processes	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog disable tutorial (A Basic Example: Disabling One Named Block)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog disable	Open
fork join_none: Forking Inside a Loop	Threads & Processes	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog fork join_none tutorial (Forking Inside a Loop)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog fork join_none	Open
fork join_none: Forking Inside a Loop	Threads & Processes	Runnable example from the SystemVerilog fork join_none tutorial (Forking Inside a Loop)	ChipVerify: SystemVerilog fork join_none	Open

UVM

35 examples

Name	Topic	Description	Reference	Open
AHB Sequence		A UVM AHB-Lite master agent with a burst-aware packet whose post_randomize() computes INCR/WRAP addresses per beat, driven by a base test and sequence.	UVM	Open
Factory Methods		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: Factory Methods.	UVM	Open
Object Pack and Unpack		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: Object Pack and Unpack.	UVM	Open
Simple Memory Testbench Example 1		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: Simple Memory Testbench Example 1.	UVM	Open
TLM FIFO Crossing Hierarchies		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: TLM FIFO Crossing Hierarchies.	UVM	Open
TLM FIFO Example		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: TLM FIFO Example.	UVM	Open
TLM Port to Export Crossing Hierarchy		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: TLM Port to Export Crossing Hierarchy.	UVM	Open
TLM Put Port to Export to Imp		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: TLM Put Port to Export to Imp.	UVM	Open
TLM Put Port to Port to Export to Export to Imp		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: TLM Put Port to Port to Export to Export to Imp.	UVM	Open
TLM Put Port to Port to Imp		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: TLM Put Port to Port to Imp.	UVM	Open
Testbench Top		A reusable UVM APB master agent - config, packet, driver, monitor, sequencer - plus a base test, sequence and scoreboard driving the APB interface.	UVM	Open
Testbench for a 2-Port Switch		UVM example from the ChipVerify tutorial: Testbench for a 2-Port Switch.	UVM	Open
Define The Test Class	Advanced Topics	A minimal UVM environment - sequence item, driver, sequencer, sequence, test - wired so the driver pulls one item with get_next_item() / item_done().	Ch #12: Advanced Topics	Open
Define The Test Class	Advanced Topics	A UVM environment where the driver and sequence use blocking get() / put() with get_response(), instead of get_next_item(), showing the response handshake.	Ch #12: Advanced Topics	Open
Example Of Backdoor Access In Sequence	Register Model (RAL)	A UVM RAL sequence that reads and writes registers through backdoor HDL-path access instead of driving bus cycles.	Ch #11: Register Model (RAL)	Open
Register Model Example	Register Model (RAL)	A full UVM register-model (RAL) example over an APB-style bus: a reg_rw_test does front-door reads and writes to a traffic-light controller's registers.	Ch #11: Register Model (RAL)	Open
Case #1: Wait_trigger -> Trigger	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event: process_b is already blocked on wait_trigger() when process_a fires trigger() at #100, so process_b unblocks.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Case #2: Trigger -> Wait_trigger	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event: process_a triggers immediately, then process_b calls wait_trigger() #100 later and blocks forever because the trigger was already missed.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Case #3: Trigger & Wait_trigger At Same Time	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event: both processes run with no delay, so whether wait_trigger() catches the trigger depends on scheduling order within the same time step.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Case #3: Wait_ptrigger -> Trigger	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event with wait_ptrigger() and process_a triggering at #100: the persistent variant unblocks the already-waiting process_b.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Case #4: Trigger -> Wait_ptrigger	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event where trigger() happens first and wait_ptrigger() runs #100 later: unlike wait_trigger(), the persistent trigger is still seen.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Case #6: Trigger & Wait_ptrigger At Same Time	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event where both processes delay #100 then trigger and wait_ptrigger() in the same step; the persistent trigger makes the wait deterministic.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Usecase Example	Reporting & Utilities	uvm_event_pool: an agent registers a reset event in the global pool with add(), and the env retrieves it with get_global() to react to resets.	Ch #10: Reporting & Utilities	Open
Nonblocking Behavior	TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	A nonblocking try_put() wrapped in a retry loop (or a can_put() poll) so the sender effectively blocks until the receiver is ready.	Ch #7: TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Open
UVM TLM Get Port Example	TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Two UVM components joined by a blocking uvm_get_port / uvm_get_imp; componentB calls get() and componentA returns a freshly randomized packet.	Ch #7: TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Open
UVM TLM Nonblocking Get Example	TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	A nonblocking uvm_get_port where componentB uses try_get() (optionally polling can_get() with a dist) to pull packets without consuming time.	Ch #7: TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Open
UVM TLM Nonblocking Put Example	TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	A nonblocking uvm_put_port where componentA calls try_put() and acts on its boolean return instead of blocking.	Ch #7: TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Open
UVM TLM Port Example	TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Two UVM components joined by a blocking uvm_put_port / uvm_put_imp; componentA calls put() and componentB implements it, optionally with a processing delay.	Ch #7: TLM (Transaction Level Modeling)	Open
Using Clone Method	UVM Base Classes	A UVM object with do_copy() used via clone(), which allocates a new object and copies into it in a single call.	Ch #3: UVM Base Classes	Open
Using Convert2string	UVM Base Classes	A UVM object that supplies its own convert2string() (and do_print) to format its fields, called from the test after randomize.	Ch #3: UVM Base Classes	Open
Using Do_compare	UVM Base Classes	A UVM object overriding do_compare() to check its fields (and a nested object) one by one, exercised as the test copies a single field at a time.	Ch #3: UVM Base Classes	Open
Using Do_copy	UVM Base Classes	A UVM object overriding do_copy() to deep-copy each field, including a nested object, when obj2.copy(obj1) is called.	Ch #3: UVM Base Classes	Open
Verification Testbench Example	UVM Examples	A full UVM testbench for a 1011 sequence-detector FSM, with BUG_FIX_* macros in the DUT and a scoreboard that shifts inputs and predicts out.	Ch #14: UVM Examples	Open
Automatic Objection Handling In Sequences	UVM Phases	The same sequence using set_automatic_phase_objection(1) so UVM raises and drops the phase objection for it automatically.	Ch #5: UVM Phases	Open
Explicitly Raising An Objection Within The Sequence's Task	UVM Phases	A UVM sequence that fetches its phase with get_starting_phase() and calls raise_objection / drop_objection itself around its stimulus.	Ch #5: UVM Phases	Open

Code Examples

FV Capstone: round-robin arbiter

Verilog

SystemVerilog

UVM